![]() ‘Footprints in time’, the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (LSIC), has been developed to provide insights into how Indigenous children's early years affect their development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) ![]() The text is intended for: (1) social psychologists, political scientists, and others who study public opinion or who use data from public opinion surveys (2) cognitive psychologists and other researchers who are interested in everyday memory and judgment processes and (3) survey researchers, methodologists, and statisticians who are involved in designing and carrying out surveys. Individual chapters cover the comprehension of questions, recall of autobiographical memories, event dating, questions about behavioral frequency, retrieval and judgment for attitude questions, the translation of judgments into responses, special processes relevant to the questions about sensitive topics, and models of data collection. The book proposes a theory about how respondents answer questions in surveys, reviews the relevant psychological and survey literatures, and traces out the implications of the theories and findings for survey practice. Viewing survey respondents as thinking agents constrained and empowered by broader social relations helps explain income nonresponse.Įxamines the psychological processes involved in answering different types of survey questions. Counter to expectations, the odds of both types of income nonresponse increase with economic advantage. Homemakers and those with little household power are less likely to report exact income African Americans, the poorly educated, and people who feel powerlessness are less likely to report exact income and respondents who mistrust others are less likely to report any income. The authors analyze exact income nonresponse and complete income nonresponse in a national probability sample of 2,031 respondents interviewed by telephone in 1990. Knowledge in turn affects the ability to report household income, and mistrust affects the willingness to report income. The authors propose that powerlessness in the household and in society in general increases the likelihood of income nonresponse because it decreases knowledge and trust. Research documents that income nonresponse is not randomly distributed, yet the reasons why some groups are less willing than others to disclose their incomes have not been developed. Despite rising standards of living, American happiness levels have changed little, though financial and employment insecurity has risen over three decades. Some forms of social connectedness such as neighboring have declined, as has confidence in government, while participation in organized religion has softened. Some, but not all, signs indicate that political conservatism has grown, while a few suggest that Republicans and Democrats are more polarized. Among the book's many important findings are the greater willingness of ordinary Americans to accord rights of free expression to unpopular groups, to endorse formal racial equality, and to accept nontraditional roles for women in the workplace, politics, and the family. ![]() Drawing on the General Social Survey-a social science project that has tracked demographic and attitudinal trends in the United States since 1972-it offers a window into diverse facets of American life, from intergroup relations to political views and orientations, social affiliations, and perceived well-being. Social Trends in American Life assembles a team of leading researchers to provide unparalleled insight into how American social attitudes and behaviors have changed since the 1970s. We also establish levels of item non-response to the income question in single-question surveys from a wide range of countries. Disaggregation by gender proves fruitful in much of the analysis. Distributions compare less well for household income than for individual income. We compare the distributions of income in these surveys-individual income in the Omnibus and household income in the British Social Attitudes survey-with those in two larger UK surveys that measure income in much greater detail. We investigate the reliability of single-question data by using the UK Office for National Statistics's Omnibus survey and the British Social Attitudes survey as examples. We argue that the large literature on measuring incomes has not devoted enough attention to 'single-question' surveys. Issues of reliability are heightened when individuals are asked about the household total rather than own income alone. ![]() This raises questions over the reliability of the data that are collected. But many surveys collect data with just a single question covering all forms of income. Income is an important correlate for numerous phenomena in the social sciences. ![]()
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